تحلیل پایداری و روند تغییر عمق آب زیرزمینی در استان مازندران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، ایران.

3 دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی، ساری، ایران.

4 استادیار پژوهش، بخش حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

بهره‌­برداری دایمی از منابع آب زیرزمینی مستلزم اتخاذ سیاست­‌های مناسب برای حفاظت کمی و کیفی از این منبع ارزشمند است. با توجه به اتکای بخشی از برنامه‌های توسعه استان مازندران به منابع آب زیرزمینی، در این تحقیق، روند تغییرات و پایداری عمق آب زیرزمینی (GWD) در شش محدوده مطالعاتی این استان در دوره 30 ساله 1991 تا 2020 در قالب دهه‌های اول (1991 تا 2000)، دوم (2001 تا 2010) و سوم (2011 تا 2020) بررسی شد. برای تحلیل روند از آزمون­ من-کندال و تخمین‌گر شیب سن استفاده شد. پایداری منابع آب زیرزمینی با استفاده از چهار شاخص سرانه منابع آب زیرزمینی تجدیدپذیر (GWRRp)، برداشت کل منابع آب زیرزمینی به تغذیه آن (TAGR)، برداشت کل منابع آب زیرزمینی به میزان قابل بهره‌برداری از آن (TAGE) و شاخص بهره‌برداری از آب (WEI) انجام شد. مقادیر آماره من- کندال از 2/50- تا 3/76 متغیر بود که حاکی از روند افزایشی GWD در طی 30 سال گذشته در همه محدوده­ها به‌جز بابل- آمل (دهه­‌های دوم و سوم) و نور- نوشهر (دهه سوم) بود. در طی دهه­‌های اول و دوم، مقدار GWD در مازندران به‌ترتیب 0/21 و 0/12 متر در سال افزایش یافت. براساس شاخص‌­های GWRRP، TAGR و TAGE، محدوده غرب استان وضعیت نسبتاً پایدارتری نسبت به محدوده‌های شرقی و مرکزی استان داشت. براساس شاخص WEI، محدوده‌­های رامسر- چالوس و نور- نوشهر (10>WEI)، محدوده‌­های بهشهر- بندرگز، بابل- آمل و ساری- نکا (20>WEI>10) و محدوده قایمشهر- جویبار (20<WEI)، به‌ترتیب در وضعیت رضایت‌بخش، نگران‌کننده و بحرانی قرار داشتند. براساس نتایج، در بخش وسیعی از استان مازندران وضعیت منابع آب زیرزمینی ناپایدار است و جلوگیری از توسعه این ناپایداری، مستلزم اتخاذ مدیریت­‎‎‌های مناسب است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the Sustainability and Trend of the Depth to Groundwater in Mazandaran Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behrooz Mohseni 1
  • Abdolah Darzi-Naftchali 2
  • Farhad Mashahdi-Kholerdi 3
  • Mohammad Ali Hadian Amri 4
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technical, Payam-e- Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Student, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Permanent exploitation of the groundwater resource necessitates the adoption of proper policies for the quantitative and qualitative protection of this valuable resource. Given the fact that parts of the Mazandaran province's development plans rely on the groundwater resources, the sustainability and trend of changes in Depth to Groundwater (GWD) in this province were investigated in this study from 1991 to 2020 (1991 to 2000: first decade, 2001 to 2010: second decade, 2011-2020: third decade). Trend analysis was performed using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. The sustainability of groundwater resources was assessed using four indicators: renewable groundwater resources per capita (GWRRp), total groundwater abstraction to recharge ratio (TAGR), total abstraction of groundwater to the exploitable groundwater resources (TAGE), and water exploitation index (WEI). The Man-Kendall statistic values ranged from -2.50 to 3.76, indicating that GWD has increased over the last 30 years in all locations except in Babol-Amol in the second and third decades and Noor-Noushahr in the third decade. The amount of GWD in Mazandaran province increased by 0.21 and 0.12 m per year during the first and second decades, respectively.  The west of Mazandaran had better conditions than the province's middle and eastern areas, according to GWRRP, TAGR, and TAGE indices. According to the WEI indicator Ramsar-Chalous and Noor-Noushahr areas (WEI<10), Behshahr-Bandargaz, Babol-Amol, and Sari-Neka areas (10<WEI<20), and Qaemshahr-Joibar area (WEI>20) were in satisfactory, worrying, and critical state, respectively. Results showed that the groundwater resource situation in a vast section of Mazandaran is unsustainable and proper management measures are needed to avoid the situation from worsening.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Renewable Groundwater Resources
  • Mann-Kendall Test
  • Water Abstraction
  • Water Exploitation
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