تحلیل روابط بین گروداران و تحلیل تعارض‌ با استفاده از رویکرد درخت تعارض

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد مدعو، گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی و فنآوری، دانشگاه مازندران.

2 استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیطزیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

3 استاد، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشکدگان فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

تعامل‌ و تعارض‌ها، یا روابط بین گروداران مختلف در یک محیط آبی بزرگ‌مقیاس، از عوامل تأثیرگذار بسیار مهم بر وضعیت سامانه‌های آبی است. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از روش تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی، تحلیل مطلوبیت گروداران و درخت تعارض، به بررسی، نگاشت و ریشه‌یابی تعارض در یک سامانه آبی پرداخته شد. ابتدا و پس از شناخت مشکلات عمده و مهم در یک سامانه آبی، گروداران مؤثر شناسایی شدند. آنگاه با به‌کارگیری روش تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی، روابط بین گروداران برای برآورد تعارض‌ بین آن‌ها مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سپس با استفاده از برآورد مطلوبیت گروداران، زمینه‌های تعارض بین ایشان از منظر نگاشت مطلوبیت بررسی شد. در ادامه با استفاده از خروجی بخش تحلیل مطلوبیت‌ها، تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی و شناخت مشکلات مهم در محدوده مطالعاتی، ریشه، هسته اصلی و نتایج تعارض، با استفاده از رویکرد درخت تعارض ارائه شد. حوضه آبریز کن در غرب تهران با استفاده از روش بیان شده بررسی و مطالعه شد. علاقه‌مندی کمتر نهاد شهرداری به مدیریت برداشت از آب زیرزمینی، معضل فرونشست و کیفیت منابع آب در کنار علاقه به گسترش فضای سبز و توسعه شهری از زمینه‌های چالش بین شهرداری و آب منطقه‌ای است. کم بودن اهمیت مطلوبیت مدیریت برداشت غیرمجاز، آب بازگشتی، اکوسیستم‌های آبی و کیفیت آب، زمینه تعارض بین نهاد کشاورزی و آب منطقه‌ای بوده است. علاقه‌مندی بخش صنعتی تنها بر توسعه صنایع و اهمیت کمتر دیگر مطلوبیت‌ها برای این بخش نیز جالب‌توجه است. نبود علاقه‌ در نهادهایی همانند مسکن و شهرسازی برای لحاظ نمودن اهمیت چرخه آبی در توسعه شهری نیز جالب‌توجه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of Stakeholder Relationships and Conflicts Using the Conflict Tree Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Javad Emami-Skardi 1
  • Gholamreza Shobeyri 2
  • Reza Kerachian 3
1 Visiting Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran.
چکیده [English]

Interactions and conflicts, or in general, the relationships between different stakeholders in a large-scale water resources scheme, are very important factors affecting the status of water systems. In this study, the conflict was studied, mapped, and rooted in a water system using the social network analysis approach, utility analysis, and conflict tree. After finding the major problems in a water system, influential stakeholders were first identified. Then, using the social network analysis method the relationships between these stakeholders were studied to estimate their conflicts. Next, by assessing the desirability of stakeholders, the ground of conflict emerging between them was investigated using desirability mapping. Using the output of the desirability analysis, social network analysis, and important problems recognition, the roots, core, and results of the conflict were presented using the conflict tree approach. The catchment area in the west of Tehran, namely the Kan River basin, has been studied using the mentioned method. The little interest of the municipal institution in utilizing groundwater resources, the problem of subsidence and the quality of water resources, coupled with the interest in expanding green spaces and urban development are among the challenge between the regional municipality and the regional water authority. The minor consideration for the management of illegal water extraction, return water, aquatic ecosystems, and water quality has been the cause of conflict between the agricultural institution and the regional water authority. It is also critical that the interest of the industrial sector is focused on development of industries and other interests are of less importance in this sector. The lack of interest in institutions such as the urban development stakeholder to consider the water cycle's importance in urban development is another challenging issue.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conflict
  • Social Network Analysis
  • Conflict Tree
  • Urban Catchment
  • Desirability Mapping
Ahmadi A, Kerachian R, Emami-Skardi MJ, Abdolhay A (2020) A stakeholder-based decision support system to manage water resources. Journal of Hydology 589:125138
Ahmadi A, Kerachian R, Rahimi R, Emami-Skardi MJ (2019) Comparing and combining social network analysis and stakeholder analysis for natural resource governance. Environmental Development 32:100451
Bodin Ö, Crona B, Ernstson, H (2006) Social networks in natural resource management: what is there to learn from a structural perspective? Ecology and Society 11(2)
Brennecke J (2019) Dissonant ties in intraorganizational networks: why individuals seek problem-solving assistance from difficult colleagues. Academy of Management Journal 63(3):743–778
Brennecke J, Rank O (2017) The firm's knowledge network and the transfer of advice among corporate inventors-A multilevel network study. Research Policy 46(4):768–783
Ebrahimiazarkharan F, Ghorbani M, Malekian A, Bressers HTA (2020) Analyzing stakeholders’ network to water resources co-management at a watershed scale: A case study from the Taleghan Watershed in Iran, in: Networks in Water Governance. Springer International Publishing, Cham pp. 239–265
Emami-Skardi MJ, Kerachian R, Abdolhay A (2020) Water and treated wastewater allocation in urban areas considering social attachments. Journal of Hydrology 585(1):124757
Emami-Skardi MJ, Momenzadeh N, Kerachian R (2021) Social learning diffusion and influential stakeholders’ identification in socio-hydrological environments. Journal of Hydrology 599:126337
Emamjomehzadeh O, Kerachian R, Emami-Skardi MJ, Momeni M (2023) Combining urban metabolism and reinforcement learning concepts for sustainable water resources management: A nexus approach. Journal of Environmental Management 329:117046
Eyni A, Emami-Skardi MJ, & Kerachian R (2021) A regret-based behavioral model for shared water resources management: Application of the correlated equilibrium concept. Science of the Total Environment 759:143892
Freeman LC (1978) Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks 1(3):215–239
Freeman LC (2004) The development of social network analysis: a study in the sociology of science. Vancouver, B. C.: Empirical Press. ISBN-10: 1594577145. 218 pages
Frota RL, Souza Filho FdeA, Barros LS, Silva SMO, Porto VC, Rocha RV (2021) “Network” socio-hydrology: A case study of causal factors that shape the Jaguaribe River Basin, Ceará-Brazil. Hydrological Sciences Journal 66:935–950
Ghorbani M, Azadi H, Janečková K, Sklenička P, Witlox F (2021) Sustainable co-management of arid regions in southeastern Iran: Social network analysis approach. Journal of Arid Environments 192:104540
Goodman LA (1961) Snowball Sampling. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32(1):148-170
Grandjean M (2016) A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community. Cogent Arts & Humanities 3(1):1171458
Grandjean M (2017) Complex structures and international organizations” [Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L’esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Societ` a delle Nazioni]. Memoria e Ricerca 55(2):371–393
Hagen L, Neely S, Robert-Cooperman C, Keller T, DePaula N (2018) Crisis communications in the age of social media: a network analysis of zika-related tweets. Social Science Computer Review 36(5):523–541
Ingold K, Fischer M, de Boer C, & Mollinga PP (2016) Water management across borders, scales and sectors: Recent developments and future challenges in water policy analysis. Environmental Policy and Governance
26(4):223–228
Ingold K, Moser A, Metz F, Herzog L, Bader HP, Scheidegger R, Stamm C (2018) Misfit between physical affectedness and regulatory embeddedness: The case of drinking water supply along the Rhine River. Global Environmental Change 48:136–150
Jafarian V (2016) Analysis of the network of organizational stakeholders in policy making and integrated management of water resources in Garmsar plain. Thesis for receiving a doctorate in desertification, Semnan University. Supervisor: Dr. Mehdi Ghorbani (In Persian)
Keskitalo E, Baird J, Ambjörnsson EL, and Plummer R (2014) Social network analysis of multi-level linkages: A Swedish case study on Northern Forest-Based Sectors. A Journal of Environment and Society, AMBIO 43:745-758
Klenk NL, Hickey GM, MacLellan JI, Gonzales R, Cardille J (2009) Social network analysis: a useful tool for visualizing and evaluating forestry research. International Forestry Review 11(1):134-140
Lienert J, Schnetzer F, and Ingold K (2013) Stakeholder analysis combined with social network
analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes. Journal of
Environmental Management 125:134–148
Moradikian S, Emami-Skardi MJ, & Kerachian R (2022) a distributed constraint multi-agent model for water and reclaimed wastewater allocation in urban areas: Application of a modified ADOPT Algorithm. Journal of Environmental Management 317(1):1-20
Nabiafjadi S, Sharifzadeh M, Ahmadvand M (2021) Social network analysis for identifying actors engaged in water governance: An endorheic basin case in the Middle East. Journal of Environmental Management 288:112376
Newig J, Pahl-Wostl C, & Sigel K (2005) The role of public participation in managing uncertainty in the implementation of the water framework directive. European Environment 15(6):333–343
Ponnambalam K, & Mousavi SJ (2020) CHNS modeling for study and management of human–water interactions at multiple scales. Water 12(6):1–21
Rodrigues L, Machado CR, and Lourenço N (2006) Social networks and management of water resources for agriculture in Rio Caia catchment (Portugal). Italian Journal of Agronomy 4:741-756
Ruzol C, Banzon-Cabanilla D, Ancog R, Peralta E (2017) Understanding water pollution management: Evidence and insights from incorporating cultural theory in social network analysis. Global Environmental Change 45:183–193
Sandström A, and Rova C (2010) Adaptive co-management networks: a comparative analysis of two fishery conservation areas in Sweden. Ecology and Society 15(3):14
Sanginga PC, Kamugisha RN, and Martin A M (2007) The dynamics of social capital and conflict management in multipleresource regimes: A case of the southwestern highlands of uganda. Ecology and Society 12(1), 16pages
Shafiee Neyestanak J, Roozbahani A (2021) Comprehensive risk assessment of urban wastewater reuse in water supply alternatives using Hybrid Bayesian Network Model. Water Resources Management 35:5049–5072
Sharifian H, Behzadfar M, Faizi M (2022) Urban development and groundwater depletion; water-sensitive urban design approach. Urban Planning Knowledge 6(1): 139-155 (In Persian)
Sharifian H, Emami-Skardi MJ, Behzadfar M, Faizi M (2022) Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) approach for mitigating groundwater depletion in urban geography; through the lens of stakeholder and social network analysis. Water Supply 22(6):5833–5852
Stein C, Ernstson H, & Barron J (2011) A social network approach to analyzing water governance: The case of the Mkindo catchment, Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36(14–15):1085–1092
Wei J, Wei Y, Tian F, Nott N, Witt C, Guo L, & Lu Y (2020) News media coverage of conflict and cooperation dynamics of water events in the Lancang–Mekong River basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25(3):1603–1615
Zanjanian H, Abdolabadi H, Niksokhan MH, Sarang A (2018) Influential third party on water right conflict: A Game Theory approach to achieve the desired equilibrium (case study: Ilam dam, Iran). Journal of Environmental Management 214:283–294