Abdelaziz S, Gad MI, and El Tahan AHMH (2020) Groundwater quality index based on PCA: Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 172:103964
Azizi F, Asghari Moghaddam A, and Nazemi A (2019) Spatial variation of groundwater salinity and risk assessment of saltwater intrusion in Malekan Aquifer. Iran-Water Resources Research 15(1):32–44 (In Persian)
Bartlett MS (1950) Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 3(2):77–85
Che Osmi SF, Malek MA, Yusoff M, Azman NH, and Faizal WM (2016) Development of river water quality management using fuzzy techniques: A review. International Journal of River Basin Management 14(2):243–254
Dash S and Kalamdhad AS (2021) Science mapping approach to critical reviewing of published literature on water quality indexing. Ecological Indicators 128:107862
Feizizadeh B, Omarzadeh D, Mohammadzadeh Alajujeh K, Blaschke T, and Makki M (2022) Impacts of the Urmia Lake drought on soil salinity and degradation risk: An integrated geoinformatics analysis and monitoring approach. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 14(14):3407
Gortler J, Spinner T, Streeb D, Weiskopf D, and Deussen O (2020) Uncertainty-aware principal component analysis. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26(1):822-831
Horton RK (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 37:300–306
Jahangiri F and Sheikholeslami R (2022) Uncertainty quantification and apportionment of water quality index in South Florida Watershed. AGUFM 2022:H11E-02
Jeihouni M, Toomanian A, Alavipanah SK, Hamzeh S, and Pilesjö P (2018) Long term groundwater balance and water quality monitoring in the eastern plains of Urmia Lake, Iran: A novel GIS based low-cost approach. Journal of African Earth Sciences 147:11-19
Juwana I, Muttil N, and Perera BJC (2016) Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of West Java Water SustainabilityIndex- A case study on Citarum Catchment in Indonesia. Ecological Indicators 61(2):170-178
Kaiser HF (1974) An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, Springer-Verlag 39(1):31–36
Kumar A, Sankalp S, and Remesan R (2023) Chapter 1- Spatiotemporal rainfall variability and trend analysis overall the districts of West Bengal during 1980–2021. In: Kasiviswanathan KS, Soundharajan B, Patidar S, He J and Ojha CSP (eds) Developments in Environmental Science 1–15
Ma Z, Li H, Ye Z, Wen J, Hu Y, and Liu Y (2020) Application of modified water quality index (WQI) in the assessment of coastal water quality in main aquaculture areas of Dalian, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 157:111285
Mahanty B, Lhamo P, and Sahoo NK (2023) Inconsistency of PCA-based water quality index- Does it reflect the quality? Science of the Total Environment 866:161353
Manna A and Biswas D (2023) Assessment of drinking water quality using water quality index: A Review. Water Conservation Science and Engineering 8(6):1-18
McMillan HK, Westerberg IK, and Krueger T (2018) Hydrological data uncertainty and its implications. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 5(6):e1319
Mitra S, Ghosh S, Satpathy KK, Bhattacharya BD, Sarkar SK, Mishra P, and Raja P (2018) Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly River Estuary, India: A multivariate approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 126:592-599
Mottahedin P and Abdoos A (2021) Evaluation of Hablehroud River water quality using Iran Water Quality Index for Surface Water Resources-Conventional Parameters (IRWQISC) and response surface methodology. Iran-Water Resources Research 17(3):1–19 (In Persian)
Nakhaei M, Vadiati M, and Mohammadi K (2015) Evaluation of vulnerability of Urmia Lake saline water intrusion to coastal aquifer using GALDIT Model. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran 24(95):223–230
Nourani V, Bayat Khajeh E, and Sharghi E (2025) Temporal assessment of vulnerability to seawater intrusion in Shabestar Plain Aquifer: A Comparative Study of 2003, 2013 and 2021. Springer, Cham 191:200
Nunoo R, Anderson P, Kumar S, and Zhu J-J (2020) Margin of safety in TMDLs: Natural language processing-aided review of the state of practice. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 25(4):04020002
Pak HY, Chuah CJ, Tan ML, Yong EL, and Snyder SA (2021) A framework for assessing the adequacy of Water Quality Index-Quantifying parameter sensitivity and uncertainties in missing values distribution. Science of the Total Environment 751:141982
Parween S, Siddique NA, Mahammad Diganta MT, Olbert AI, and Uddin MG (2022) Assessment of urban river water quality using modified NSF water quality index model at Siliguri city, West Bengal, India. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 16:100202
Pashaeifar M, Dehghanzadeh R, Ramazania ME, Rafieyan O, and Nejaei A (2021) Spatial and temporal assessment of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemical processes in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Water Supply, IWA Publishing 21(8):4328–4342
Puy A, Sheikholeslami R, Gupta H V, Hall JW, Lankford B, Lo Piano S, Meier J, Pappenberger F, Porporato A, Vico G, and Saltelli A (2022) The delusive accuracy of global irrigation water withdrawal estimates. Nature Communications 2022 13:1, Nature Publishing Group 13(1):1–4
Rahimi M, Rezaverdinejad V, Behmanesh J, and Asadzadeh F (2023) Assessment of groundwater for agricultural uses in Urmia Plain with combined method of pollution vulnerability and potential models and groundwater quality index. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage 17(4):719–73 (In Persian)
Reimann C and Filzmoser P (2000) Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: Death of a myth. Consequences for the Statistical Treatment of Geochemical and Environmental Data, Environmental Geology 39(9):1001–1014
Rode M and Suhr U (2007) Uncertainties in selected river water quality data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11(2):863–874
Saberinasr A, Dashti Barmaki M, and Morsali M (2024) Combining chemical and isotopic analyses to understand hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater residence time in the Hezarmasjed Area, Northeast of Iran. Iran-Water Resources Research 20(3):73–93 (In Persian)
Safi A, Rachid G, El-Fadel M, Doummar J, Abou Najm M, and Alameddine I (2018) Synergy of climate change and local pressures on saltwater intrusion in coastal urban areas: effective adaptation for policy planning. Water International 43(2):145-164
Seifi A, Dehghani M, and Singh VP (2020) Uncertainty analysis of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality evaluation: Application of Monte-Carlo method for weight allocation. Ecological Indicators 117:106653
Sheikholeslami R, Gharari S, Papalexiou SM, and Clark MP (2021) VISCOUS: A variance-based sensitivity analysis using copulas for efficient identification of dominant hydrological processes. Water Resources Research 57(7):e2020WR028435
Sheikholeslami R, Golkar MK, and Hall JW (2024) Large uncertainty in global estimates of manure phosphorus runoff. Environmental Modelling & Software 177:106067
Sheikholeslami R and Hall JW (2023) Global patterns and key drivers of stream nitrogen concentration: A machine learning approach. Science of the Total Environment 868:161623
Shiri N, Shiri J, Yaseen ZM, Kim S, Chung IM, Nourani V, and Zounemat-Kermani M (2021) Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios. PLOS One 16(5):e0251510
Shirzad A, Tabesh M, and Bayat H (2018) Proposing a quality index for Rivers of Iran. Iran-Water Resources Research 14(1):102–113 (In Persian)
Shokoohi AR and Modaberi H (2019) Evaluating and comparing the sensitivity of NSFWQI and IRWQISC models to water quality parameters. Iran-Water Resources Research 14(5):118–132 (In Persian)
Soltani S, Asghari Moghaddam A, and Shiri J (2023) Invstigating groundwater quality of Bostanabad Plain for drinking purpose using multiple criteria decision-making methods. Iran-Water Resources Research 19(3):23–38 (In Persian)
Subba Rao N, Sunitha B, Adimalla N, and Chaudhary M (2020) Quality criteria for groundwater use from a rural part of Wanaparthy District, Telangana State, India, through ionic spatial distribution (ISD), entropy water quality index (EWQI) and principal component analysis (PCA). Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42(2):579–599
Tripathi M and Singal SK (2019) Allocation of weights using factor analysis for development of a novel water quality index. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 183:109510
Uddin MG, Nash S, and Olbert AI (2021) A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators 122:107218
Uddin MG, Nash S, Rahman A, and Olbert AI (2023) A novel approach for estimating and predicting uncertainty in water quality index model using machine learning approaches. Water Research 229:119422
Unda-Calvo J, Ruiz-Romera E, Martínez-Santos M, Vidal M, and Antigüedad I (2020) Multivariate statistical analyses for water and sediment quality index development: A study of susceptibility in an urban river. Science of the Total Environment 711:135026
WHO (2022) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization 1–614
Zhang Q, Xu P, and Qian H (2020) Groundwater quality assessment using improved Water Quality Index (WQI) and Human Health Risk (HHR) evaluation in a semi-arid region of northwest China. Exposure and Health 12(3):487–500