توسعه یک شاخص کمبود آب شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر تهران)

حسینی, سید موسی

توسعه یک شاخص کمبود آب شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر تهران)

نوع مقاله : یادداشت فنی (5 صفحه)

نویسنده

سید موسی حسینی

دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

در این مطالعه، شاخص درک کمبود آب شهری (UWSPI) به منظور پایش شدت کمبود آب در مناطق شهری که در آب‌های سطحی منبع غالب تأمین نیاز آب خانگی است، توسعه داده شده است. شاخص UWSPI که می‌توان شکل اصلاح شده شاخص فالکن‌مارک درنظر گرفت، برای نشان دادن تفاوت بین خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی و خشکسالی که جامعه به دلیل کمبود سرانه آب شرب در طول زمان درک می‌کند، ارائه شده است. برای اعمال شاخص توسعه یافته، شهر تهران که منبع مهم تأمین نیاز خانوارهای خود را از منابع آب سطحی حوضه‌های آبریز اطراف (حدود 72 درصد) تأمین می‌کند، به عنوان مطالعه موردی درنظر گرفته شد. سری‌های زمانی داده‌های ماهانه جریان آب‌های سطحی ورودی به پنج مخزن اطراف شهر تهران در بازه زمانی ۲۱ ساله (۱۳77-۱۳9۷) و مقدار جمعیت سالانه شهر تهران به‌عنوان داده‌های اولیه انتخاب شدند. نتایج نشان داد که مقادیر سالانه شاخص UWSPI در سه دوره زمانی 2007-1998، 2009-2007 و 2018-2009 به ترتیب دارای مقادیر منفی، نزدیک به صفر و مثبت است. در دوره اول (UWSPI>0)، خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی حاکم است و درک شهروندان شهر تهران از کمبود آب کم است. اما در دوره سوم که UWSPI<0 است، درک جامعه از کمبود آب بسیار بیشتر از خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی است. این بدان معناست که خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی پایداری تأمین آب مورد نیاز شهر را تهدید می‌کند. بنابراین برای مدیریت خشکسالی نیاز به راهکارهای سختگیرانه است. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که علیرغم عدم تغییر در حجم ورودی به سدها، رشد سریع جمعیت تهران عامل اصلی درک کمبود آب در دوره اخیر بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.17352347.1402.19.1.9.4

موضوعات

مدیریت منابع آب

عنوان مقاله [English]

Development of an Urban Water Scarcity Index (Case Study: Tehran City)

نویسنده [English]

Seiyed Mossa Hosseini

Associate Professor, Physical Geography Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

In this study, the Urban Water Scarcity Index (UWSI), a hydrology-demography based-index, was developed to assess the intensity of water scarcity in urban areas. The UWSI index is presented to show the difference between hydrological drought (in terms of standardized streamflow index) and the water-crowding index. For the application of the developed index, the city of Tehran was considered as a case study in which about 72% of the domestic water demands are supplied from the surface water sources in the surrounding catchments. The time series of the monthly data of surface water flow entering five reservoirs around Tehran during a period of 21 years (1998-2018) and the annual changes in Tehran's population were the input data to this study. The results showed that the annual value of the UWSI index in the three time periods of 1998-2007, 2007-2009, and 2009-2018 has negative, nearly zero, and positive values, respectively. During the first period, hydrological drought dominated the water stress in Tehran. But in the third period, the water stress is much higher than hydrological drought. The positive trend of UWSI during the recent decade reveals that water stress threatens the sustainability in providing the city's water needs. Therefore, strict strategies are needed to manage and overcome the water shortage. The UWSI index developed in this study incorporates both blue water resources (i.e., the river flows) and population size for Tehran city and can be served as an initial water scarcity assessment tool in other urban areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Water Scarcity Index
Sustainability of Water Resources
Hydrological Drought
Streamflow
Tehran's Water Demand
Population Growth

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